Determination of genetic characteristics of animates is the first step in breeding. This research was conducted for evaluation of genetic diversity of dwarf honeybee populations (Apis florea) in southwest and southern of Iran. The sampling was conducted in four provinces of Iran including Khozestan (Dezful and Abadan), Boshehr (Bndardeylm and Khormoj) Fars (Firoozabad and Khorrambid) and Hormozgan (Hamiran and Bandar Abbas). For studying of the genetic characteristics, partial COI, tRNA leu, intergenic region and partial COII were evaluated. Phylogenetic trees were drawn by Baysian and Maximum Parsimony (MP) methods. After sequence alignment, there was one and two single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in partial COI and intergenic region (situated between tRNA leu and COII) respectively in studied populations of Iran. Sequences of COI gene grouped the studied populations in three groups including Dylam, Firozabad, Abadan and Homeyran in the first group, Khormoj and Bandarabas in the second group and Dezfol and Khorambid in the third group. In addition, COI gene showed more genetic diversity in dwarf honeybee populations in southwest and southern areas of Iran.

honeybee, a small -although powerful- creature moves from one place to another to make an elixir, which cures different diseases. To make one kilogram of honey the small creature has to carry 150000 pieces of pollen and suck the sap of ten million flowers. Both honey and the honeybee poison have been used in treating diseases for thousands of years. The product made by such tiny creatures has been adored by the peoples of different lands and the divine books of different religions have appreciated honey. The traditional medicine books recommend honey for treating diseases such as toothache, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis, malnutrition, healing wounds, and so on. honeybee poison has been advised for treating rheumatic diseases and arthritis and so forth. Recent studies have shown that poison of the honeybee is a complicated jumble of enzymes, proteins and amino acids, while honey contains different minerals such as calcium, sulfur, potassium, manganese, and phosphorous. Honey also contains different amino acids, vitamins and sugar. This article presents the cases where honeybee poison is used in traditional medicine and the researches conducted on honey and poison of honeybee during recent years.

Morphological and molecular studies are considered as a powerful tool for estimating genetic diversity and the determination of phylogenetic relationships among different populations of honeybee subspecies. In the present study, morphological and molecular markers (PCR-RFLP) were used to study the phylogenetic relationships of Iranian subspecies honeybee with other honeybee subspecies around the world. Samples were collected from 100 cities belonging to 20 Iranian provinces during the summer of 2016. A total of 2, 250 and 300 worker bees were studied for morphological and molecular analyses, respectively. The results of phylogenetic trees plotted using morphological and molecular markers revealed that 29 honeybee subspecies were classified into five groups. In this clustering, the Iranian subspecies honeybee (A. m. meda) with A. m. cyprica, A. m. syriaca, A. m. anatolica, A. m. armeniaca, A. m. caucasica, A. m. caucasica, Am. Pomonella subspecies were assigned in same cluster. This group included subspecies from Eastern Mediterranean, the Near East and the East of the Middle East (O), which was reported in previous studies. The results showed that the honeybee subspecies (or race) in Iran was exactly the same as the Iranian honeybee subspecies (A. m. meda); it also seems that imports of foreign subspecies in the past two decades and the trafficking imports of queen in the last decade had no significant impact on Iranian honeybee subspecies genetic purity due to its adaptation to the country's climates and the instability and incompatibility of other imported subspecies, so that it has not lost its genetic identity.

Rice black-gall dwarf has been found in some rice fields of Firouzabad and Mamasani in the Fars province. Major symptoms of the disease are severe stunting and formation of elongated vein galls on the lower surface of leaves. The galls are green at first but turn dark and finally black. The causal agent of the disease was transmitted from infected rice to rice and certain other plant species with Laodelphax striatellus and Unkanodes tanasijevici under greenhouse conditions. L striatellus also proved to be the natural vector of the disease agent when planthoppers captured from rice fields were tested for transmission in the greenhouse. Electron microscopy of crude extracts and thin sections of infected leaves, as well as thin sections of inoculative planthoppers showed presence of isometric reovirus- like particles of ca. 60 nm diameter. Parallel host range studies of the rice black-gall dwarf associated virus (RBGDA V) and maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) showed that both viruses infected rice, wheat barley, maize, rye, Setaria italicum, and Echinochloa crus-galli, inducing similar symptoms in most cases. MRDV however, did not cause formation of gallson barley leaves while RBGDAV did. In immunoelecron microscopy tests, RBGDA V was not decorated with a MRDV antiserum from Italy. RBGDAV appears to be a Fijivirus biologically close to MRDV.

In this study a stock of Apis mellifera meda from central part of Iran, from karyological point of view was taken into consideration. Testes from drone of the milk-white eye puple and young larvae (3 to 4 instar larvae) were used. They were pretreatment by hypotonic -colchicine (0.4% KCl, 0.1 % colchicine) solution for 30 minutes and fixed in aceticacid – methanol (1:3v/v).The samples were stored a 20° c The preparation were made by squash technique and usual air dry method. Staining was carried out by acetic – orcein and giemsa solution for G-banding. The chromosome number of the haploid set for this stock was n=16 and they consists of 4 metacentric chromosomes, 12 submetacentric or subtelocentric chromosomes. the longest and the shortest chromosomes were 2.79 and 0.84p. The secondary constriction was clearly seen in the longest chromosome. G-banding paterns in this stock were not clear. Because, some bands location were changed in different of cells which were observed In many cells a B-chromosome were observed.

Background: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) is a rare and life-threatening disorder characterized by severe thrombocytopenia, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, fever, renal dysfunction, and neurological deficient. TTP leads to the formation of blood clots in small blood vessels throughout the body. TTP is associated with many risk factors such as pregnancy, HIV, cancer, lupus, and infections. Recently there have been few published case reports of bee sting associated TTP. Methods: A 67-year-old man from a rural area of the Southwest Province of Iran, Ilam, was referred to the academic general hospital because of fever, chills, sweating, vomiting and dizziness following the honeybee sting on his body. Results: this study showed that, multiple co-morbidities including CVD and diabetes, along with coagulation abnormalities after honeybee stings, seriously exacerbated patient hemodynamic status. Conclusion: TTP, as a major complication due to the toxic reaction of a large number of bee stings with underlying diseases in patients, should be given more attention.